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To differentiate microorganisms based on various metabolic reactions in litmus milk, including fermentation, reduction, clot formation, digestion, and the formation of gas. Litmus Milk is used primarily to differentiate members within…

Objective To determine the ability of the organism to hydrolyse urea by the action of urease enzyme. Principle Urea is a nitrogen-containing compound that is produced during decarboxylation of the amino acid arginine in the urea cycle.…

Antibodies are glycoproteins produced in membrane-bound or secreted form by B lymphocytes in response to exposure to foreign structures known as antigens. The human immunoglobulins are a family of proteins that confer humoral immunity and…

Cytokines Cytokines are a family of small proteins that mediate an organism’s response to injury or infection. Cytokines operate by transmitting signals between cells in an organism. Minute quantities of cytokines are secreted, each…